Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or background, and understanding it is crucial for fostering empathy and providing appropriate support to those affected (Madhaven et al., 2022). 

What is PTSD?

PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after an individual has been exposed to a traumatic event, such as natural disasters, accidents, combat, or violent personal assaults (Al Jowf et al., 2022). It is characterized by intense, disturbing thoughts and feelings related to the experience that last long after the traumatic event has ended.

DSM-5-TR Definition of PTSD

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2022) outlines specific criteria for diagnosing PTSD: 

1. Exposure to Trauma. Directly experiencing the event, witnessing it, learning it occurred to a close family member or friend, or being repeatedly exposed to aversive details of the traumatic event. 
2. Intrusive Symptoms. Recurrent, involuntary, and distressing memories, flashbacks, or nightmares related to the trauma.
3. Avoidance. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, such as avoiding places, people, or activities that remind one of the event.
4. Negative Alterations in Cognition or Mood. Inability to remember important aspects of the trauma, persistent negative beliefs, distorted thoughts about the cause or consequences of the event, and persistent negative emotional states.
5. Alterations in Arousal and Reactivity. Irritability, angry outbursts, reckless behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, and problems with concentration and sleep.
6. Duration. Symptoms last for more than one month.
7. Functional Significance. The disturbance causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. 
8. Exclusion. The disturbance is not attributable to the psychological affects of a substance or another medical condition. 

Other Definitions of PTSD and Trauma 

While the DSM-TR-5 (2022) provides a clinical definition, other perspectives offer broader understandings of PTSD and trauma: 

• International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11): The ICD-11 (2019) includes a similar but slightly different definition of PTSD, emphasizing the role of re-experiencing the trauma in the present, avoidance of reminders, and a heightened sense of threat. 
• Psychological Definitions: Some psychologists define PTSD as a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any event that results in psychological trauma (Li et al., 2020). 
• Trauma-Informed Care Perspective: This approach highlights that trauma can result from a range of adverse life experiences and recognizes the widespread impact of trauma on an individual’s mental, physical, and emotional health (Forkey et al., 2021; Spytska, 2023). 

Common Myths About PTSD

Despite increased awareness, several myths about PTSD persist: 

Myth 1: PTSD Only Affects Veterans. While many veterans experience PTSD due to combat exposure, it can affect anyone who has experienced a traumatic event. 

Myth 2: PTSD Means You’re Weak. PTSD is not a sign of weakness; it is a response to extreme stress. Anyone can develop PTSD regardless of their strength or resilience (Matheson et al., 2020). 

Myth 3: People with PTSD are Violent. While PTSD can involve irritability and anger, it does not inherently make someone violent (Kennedy, 2024). Most people with PTSD are not violent (Corrigan & Watson, 2005; Elbogen et al., 2014). 

Myth 4: PTSD is Incurable. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with PTSD can recover and lead fulfilling lives (Bryngeirsottir & Halldorsdottir, 2021). 

Effective Therapies for PTSD 

Various therapies have proven effective in treating PTSD. These include: 

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A type of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors (Martin et al., 2021). Two specific forms of CBT for PTSD are:
   1. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT): Focuses on modifying distorted beliefs and self-blame related to the trauma (Raines et al., 2023). 
   2. Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE): Involves repeatedly revisiting and recounting the traumatic experience in a safe and controlled environment to reduce its power (McLean et al., 2022). 
2. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): Combines exposure therapy with guided eye movements to help the brain process and integrate traumatic memories (De Jongh & Hafkemeijer, 2023). 
3. Medication: Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are commonly prescribed to help manage PTSD symptoms. 
4. Group Therapy: Provides a supportive environment where individuals can share experiences and coping strategies with others who have gone through similar experiences (Yalom & Leszcz, 2020). 
5. Mindfulness and Stress Reduction Techniques: Practices such as mindfulness meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can help manage anxiety and stress associated with PTSD (Johansen, 2023). 

Understanding PTSD is essential for breaking down the stigma and myths surrounding this condition. With proper education, empathy, and support, individuals with PTSD can find effective treatments and lead fulfilling lives. Whether through professional therapy, medication, or peer support, there is hope and help available for those affected by PTSD. 

References 

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_{American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787} 

_{Bryngeirsdottir, H. S., & Halldorsdottir, S. (2021). The challenging journey from trauma to post-traumatic growth: Lived experiences of facilitating and hindering factors. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 36(3), 752-768. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.13037} 

_{Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2005). Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey on the frequency of violent behavior in individuals with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Research, 136, 153-162.} 

_{De Jongh, A., & Hafkemeijer, L. C. (2023). Trauma-focused treatment of a client with complex PTSD and comorbid pathology using EMDR therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 824-235. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23521} 

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_{Johansen, R. (2023). Does mindfulness have an effect on PTSD-symptoms in veterans? (Masters thesis, UiT Norges Arktiske University)} 

_{Kennedy, H. (2024, June). Violence and Mental Disorder. In Seminars in Forensic Psychiatry (p.36). Cambridge University Press.} 

_{Li, Y., Duan, W., & Chen, Z. (2020). Latent profiles of the comorbidity of the symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents who are susceptible to covid-19. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105235} 

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_{Matheson, K., Asokumar, A., Anisman, H. (2020). Resilience: Safety in the aftermath of traumatic stressor experiences. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.596919} 

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_{Raines, A. M., Clauss, K., Schafer, K. M., Shapiro, M. O., Houtsma, C., Boffa, J. W., Ennis, C. R., O’Neil, M. E., Franklin, C. L. (2023). Cognitive processing therapy: A meta-analytic review among veterans and military personnel with PTSD. Cognitive Therapy and Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-023-10429-x} 

_{Spytska, L. (2023). Psychological trauma and its impact on a person’s life prospects. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University Series “Pedagogy and Psychology,” 9(3), 82-90. https://doi.org/10.52534/msu-pp3.2023.82} 

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_{Yalom, I., & Leszcz, M. (2020). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (6^th ed.). Basic Books.}